High-sugar diet in fathers can lead to obese offspring
A new study shows that escalating sugar within the diet plan associated with male fruit flies for just 1 or 2 days prior to mating could cause obesity inside their offspring via alterations that will affect gene expression inside the embryo. Generally there can in addition be evidence which a comparable system regulates obesity susceptibility in mice as well as humans. Your research, that is published on the particular internet December 4 inside the Cell Press journal Cell, provides insights straight into how particular metabolic traits tend to be inherited and could even assist investigators determine whether that they could be altered.
Research has shown that will a variety of elements which are passed about by mother and also father or perhaps are existing inside the uterine environment can affect offspring's metabolic process and the complete body type. Investigators led simply by Dr. J. Andrew Pospisilik, with the Max Planck Institute involving Immunobiology as well as Epigenetics within Germany, and team member Dr. Anita Öst, now from Linkoping university inside Sweden, sought to know regardless associated with whether normal fluctuations inside a parent's diet may well have this kind of impact around the next generation.
Through mating experiments throughout Drosophila melanogaster, or fruit flies, the actual scientists discovered that dietary interventions throughout males could alter the body composition involving offspring, together with increased sugar resulting in obesity inside the subsequent generation. Substantial dietary sugar elevated gene expression through epigenetic changes, which affect gene activity without having changing the DNA's underlying sequence. "To use personal computer terms, if our genes are the hardware, our epigenetics is the software program that decides how a hardware is used," explains Dr. Öst. "It turns out the father's diet reprograms the particular epigenetic 'software' in order that genes required for excess fat production are usually turned on in their sons."
Because epigenetic programs are usually somewhat plastic, your investigators suspect that will it may be achievable to be able to reprogram obese epigenetic programs for you to lean epigenetic programs. "At the moment, we as well as other researchers are usually manipulating the epigenetics throughout early life, nevertheless we have absolutely no idea whether it can end up being done to rewrite an adult program," says Dr. Öst.
The fruit fly models and experiments the team designed will probably be valuable sources for your scientific community. Since the particular flies reproduce quickly, they can allow investigators to swiftly map out the details regarding how nutrition as well as other environmental stimuli affect epigenetics and whether or not they will can be modulated, both early along with later throughout life.
"It's very early days regarding our knowledge of how parental experiences can stably reprogram offspring physiology, lifelong. The Particular mechanisms mapped here, that appear within some way to be conserved throughout mouse and also man, provide a seed regarding study which has the actual possibility to profoundly change views as well as procedures within medicine," says Dr. Pospisilik.
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The above story will be according to supplies given by Cell Press. Note: materials may always be edited for content material and length.
http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/health_medicine/obesity/~3/Log8LyINwUk/141204140737.htm
Shift in gut bacteria observed in fiber supplement study may offer good news for weight loss
Most Americans don't get the daily recommended amount of fiber in their diet, though research has shown that dietary fiber can cause a shift in the gut toward beneficial bacteria, reducing the risk of colon cancer, type 2 diabetes, and other diseases. A new study from the University of Illinois shows that two specific functional fibers may also have the potential to assist in weight loss when made part of a long-term, daily diet.
Kelly Swanson, a U of I professor of nutrition, and his team had previously been able to see a "snapshot" of what bacteria were present in the gut after a diet had been supplemented with polydextrose and soluble corn fiber. Using the samples from the same trial, Swanson and his lab used whole-genome sequencing to explore the full range of bacterial genomic information in the gut after fiber supplementation.
The new information is helping the researchers to understand more about the functional capabilities of the bacteria in the gut when these fibers are consumed as part of a regular diet.
"In the gut, bacteria have the capacity to do a lot of different things, such as fermenting proteins, carbohydrates, or other substrates," Swanson said. "We have already been able to identify what bacteria are there and the changes that occur with diet, and now we are asking if we can change the machinery or the capacity of what functions the bacteria have. Knowing what bacteria are there may matter, but it may not matter as much as identifying their function."
Hannah Holscher, a U of I postdoctoral researcher and registered dietitian in animal sciences, said what was most surprising and novel in the recent study was a shift in the Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio toward more Bacteroidetes, something the researchers had not seen previously.
"This was of particular interest to us because other research has shown that having more Bacteroidetes may be beneficial because the higher that proportion is, the individual tends to be leaner. With higher Firmicutes, that individual tends to be more obese," Holscher said. "We don't know if there is any causality for weight loss, but studies have shown that having a higher fiber diet is protective against obesity. It's an exciting shift and helps to drive researchers to study these fibers as part of a weight loss diet."
Holscher added that the whole-genome sequencing data also revealed shifts in the functional capacity of the intermittent fasting microbiome including modifications in nutrient metabolism. "We saw that there was a decrease in genes associated with protein metabolism, which correlated with the reduced protein fermentation that occurred in the study participants' guts when they consumed the fibers," she said "The information from this study, in combination with the results from the previous study, has allowed us to put together a more complete picture of what the bacteria in our gut are doing."
The samples sequenced for bacteria genomic information were part of a study Swanson and his lab conducted in 2012. In that study, 20 healthy men with an average fiber intake of 14 grams a day were given snack bars to supplement their diet. The control group received bars that contained no fiber; a second group ate bars that contained 21 grams of polydextrose, which is a common fiber food additive; and a third group received bars with 21 grams of soluble corn fiber.
Fecal samples were collected from the participants, and DNA was then subjected to 454 pyrosequencing, which provided a snapshot of all the bacterial types present. The previous study examined only one gene used for identification purposes, while the current study used whole-genome shotgun 454 http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/losing_weight/index.html pyrosequencing to examine the full range of bacterial genetic information in the fecal microbiome.
Holscher stressed that though there were significant shifts in the gut bacterial populations with fiber supplements, when the supplements were stopped populations seemed to go back to where they were before. "The take-home is if people want to make changes to their diet and have a healthier gut they need to be everyday changes.
"We need more fiber in our diets from lots of different sources," Holscher said. "These two fibers look like they could be beneficial when included in a balanced diet along with whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes."
Holscher added that only 10 percent of Americans meet their daily fiber needs of 25 to 38 grams per day, with most only eating 12 to 14 grams per day.
Polydextrose and soluble corn fiber are often ingredients used in prepared foods such as cereals, cereal bars, baking mixes, and drinks. Holscher said food companies are interested in these fibers as ingredients in products because they are lower in calories and do not negatively affect the taste or texture of the product.
"These fibers also tend to be better tolerated, causing less gas, bloating, and discomfort. They can be provided at higher levels than other types of fiber, such as inulin," she added.
The researchers hope to continue studying these fibers for their potential use in disease prevention and weight loss.
"We're hoping this study helps people realize that diet--what you eat every day--does affect the bacteria in your gut. We saw these dramatic shifts in bacterial populations with fiber supplementation, but then those shifts went away when people stopped using the supplements," Holscher said.
"It's an important concept because we are not at the point of giving someone a single pill to change the microbiome; it's not like using an antibiotic to treat an infection. We want to make sure that diet stays in the conversation because there is a significant impact," she added.
http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/health_medicine/obesity/~3/IITGNgbDais/141118125552.htm
Just how to Shed Weight in One Single-Week's Period?
For those who have the will, anything is achievable. The same thing would go to slimming down in one-week's time. One reason why many individuals fail to lose preferred pounds is the fact that they don't possess the will to stay for the weight loss plan. An agenda to lose weight in a single-week's time may sounds crazy. Yes it does- that as long as your concept of reducing weight is misery.
Slimming down by starving yourself not merely hazardous but it does not work and you're producing weight loss difficult for yourself. There's a good way to reduce weight in weekly which is nothing to do with starvation. All you've got to complete is 3 factors- Stick to eating fruits and vegetables, drink plenty of water and frequent exercise.
Those are 3 basic items that anyone can do to reduce weight yet just few have the will to do so. Today, the issue is, are you experiencing what it takes to do these 3 issues.
Anyone could shed weight in weekly if he or she can stick to these standard:
1) Follow fruits and vegetables.
The only path to feel better internally and look externally has been healthy eating. Poor eating behavior may be the number one reason that caused over fifty percent of our society being overweight. Thus, the top tool to fight overweight is just consuming foods recognized to promote health. Eating fruits and more Vegetables are generally the very best foods to consider if you want to lose weight; they also have antioxidant value and supply you with superior supplement.
You will find absolute best fruit and veggies that can boost weight loss, if you would like to lose weight quickly. High-level of fruits, beans and vegetables help you lose weight since they are full of nutrients, full of volume and reduced in calories. Furthermore, whenever your stomach is filled up with high volume, low-calorie food, there's less space for other stuff.
There's also a growing body of proof that suggests that plant- based ingredients help control cravings for food and overeating. In one week period, concentrate on consuming these fat loss enhancement like berries, collard greens, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, Boston lettuce, green peppers, romaine lettuce, blueberries and spinach. Though you are on vegetarian diet to get a week, you can eat fish or chicken without skin a couple of times, should you crave for meat.
2) Drink lots of water.
A research by a professional in human diet, foods and exercise, which was introduced at obesity conference in Phoenix, Arizona last year, revealed that folks who drank two glasses of water 20-30 minutes prior each meal are likely to shed weight faster than people who didn't.
The important of well-hydrated body for weight reduction is very important. The truth that often desire may mistaken as hunger causes you consume more than you really need. Do not forget that drinking at least seven 8 cups of water every day is as very important to weight maintenance because it will be to weight loss. Drinking lots of water will, your kidneys activated, helping to minimize water retention as well as in the procedure, more calories will burn.
Plain water, with zero calories, can certainly help you lose these unwanted pounds and keep them down. We never comprehend the most effective method originates from the simplest sources.
3) Regular exercise.
If you'd like to lose some ideal pounds in one single-week period, make sure you exercise over a regular basis. Exercise and a vital role in weight loss game play. A 30-minute exercise each day support maintaining your metabolism at its peak, allow more calories change into energy but many people could not win the challenge, which can be consistency.
And also to help you proceed through it, here is a tip, select the kind of exercise that you just enjoy the most. Whether it is a stroll together with your kids, a few laps inside the pool, joining aerobic classes, dancing or simply stays to a 45 minutes' walk around the park daily.
Just how to boost your fat loss?
- Stop.
-Stop using artificially sweetened products of all types.
-Stop eating fried foods as it contain saturated fat.
-Stop drinking alcohol.
- Stop.
There are numerous effort require if you'd like to reduce weight in one week time. You wished to cheat on your diet remind oneself of the target for that changes and would probably believe that you're living an alternative lifestyle you have to generate.
Attempt to follow those basic tips, become more energetic while you may, then, you would sure be pleased with the weight-you had dropped after one-week of lifestyle change.
Regulation of dietary supplements should be increased in the US
Dietary supplements, that are marketed to always be able to adults and adolescents for weight-loss as well as muscle building, usually do not necessarily deliver promised outcomes along with can inside fact trigger severe well being issues, including death. Nevertheless because of lax federal oversight of these supplements, state governments need to increase their particular regulation regarding the products for you to protect consumers.
That's your locating of a new study, "The Hazardous Mix involving Adolescents along with Dietary Supplements pertaining to Weight-loss along with muscle Building: Legal Strategies for State Action," revealed on your internet inside the Journal regarding Public health Management & Practice.
"The industry for dietary supplements inside the United States Associated With America has exploded to a $32-billion-a-year industry, using a lot much more than 50 % of adults reporting normal use," noted your study, which in turn ended up being conducted simply by researchers coming from Temple University, Harvard University, School regarding Rhode Island and also Boston Children's Hospital. "However, these items usually are generally not suggested simply by physicians, and many usually are not effective to accomplish your promised results. Rather, many of these items are adulterated, mislabeled, as well as possess unclear dosing recommendations."
The authorities includes a regulatory regime for these dietary supplements below the actual Dietary Dietary Supplement health and Training Act which is really lax and really does not function to protect shoppers or warn these people in the accurate hazards involving taking these products, stated Jennifer Pomeranz, assistant professor of public well being and a member of Temple's center regarding Weight Problems Analysis and also Education, that may always be the study's lead author. "Most of the literature around the subject covers providing the particular FDA a lot more authority to handle these dietary supplements."
Pomeranz, whose study concentrates on public well being law as well as policy, mentioned the particular researchers made the particular decision to adopt a distinct approach and look at the sources available to state governments to offer with the particular dangers posed simply by these dietary supplements and also protect consumers, particularly adolescents, coming from using them. Your Woman noted which it is the very first research for you to concentrate on the dependence on state intervention throughout protecting shoppers against these products.
"State attorneys general possess the authority for you to protect customers within their states, plus they need to begin imposing which authority around the marketing efforts of these dangerous dietary supplements, specifically as it relates for their use by adolescents," Pomeranz said.
Other recommendations defined by the researchers in which could be enacted simply by state governments regarding regulating dietary supplements consist of conducting laboratory testing, generating safety warnings as well as educational materials, instituting minimal grow older obtain limits, enacting taxes, and banning especially dangerous products. Additionally they declare that manufacturers, pharmacies along with suppliers should engage in self-regulation associated with these products to be able to protect their customers.
"Experts are generally proper - the particular FDA really does need more authority and needs to always be able to much more vigorously exert their own existing authority in regulating these hazardous supplements," mentioned Pomeranz. "But within the meantime, states have to use his or her active authority to always be able to step inside and also fill which void."
Health & Fitness :: How to Get Rid of Cellulite Quickly - Foolproof Suggestions for Beautiful Hips and Thighs
3. Reside healthy. Manage the stress. Meditate. Treat cigarettes along with alcohol like the plague and also excessive partying being a scourge. When you're serious about obtaining rid regarding cellulite, you're likely to must stay away from these toxins in which poison your entire body as well as contribute to the formation of cellulite.
1. mind that which in turn you eat as well as drink. Our cellulite issue most often begins here. Junk food, fast food, soda, alcohol, processed foods, too many fatty meats, too much sugar -- almost all of these contribute to the deposition regarding excess fat in our bodies. When you're seriously interested in acquiring rid associated with cellulite, you want to cut back again about this stuff and also make particular that vegetables and also fruit will always be in abundance inside your diet. get hydrated by drinking 8 for you to 10 glasses of h2o a day.
While receiving rid of just about any fat, cellulite included, can be described as a tough call (particularly if it may be lodged there for any long period of time), this does not mean it cannot be removed. An Individual don't need to always be able to go by means of intense surgical processes or obtain costly creams for you to melt cellulite away. Right now there isn't any magic pill for excess weight loss. In the particular event that a person informs you otherwise, then be in guard.
We mere mortals can take solace in the knowledge which the energy of airbrushing may certainly do wonders to that picture. Yet this doesn't eliminate the harsh reality which our flabby arms look like chicken wings along with our butts and also thighs hold the appear associated with crumpled cottage cheese. not just do individuals models upon magazine handles (even if they're airbrushed) remind us ayurvedic medicine for weight loss of our lowly appearance, taking a look at our unsightly cellulite deposits is enough to drive us in order to depression.
There are usually practices, however, which any decided girl can easily do this have been confirmed to obtain rid of cellulite. take note, however, in which these do not necessarily guarantee overnight cures -- simply no such factor exists. These kinds of take hard work, focus as well as willpower. In case an individual view these methods as a means of life instead of a one-shot deal, you'll not only find rid of cellulite, you'll input it away with regard to life.
The image of the super sexy model around the protect everytime we study the latest issue of Cosmo journal will do for you to provide us with the complex. We girls can only sigh as we surprise why we could not ever look as perfect. Inside that will skimpy bikini, your http://www.webmd.com/diet/exercise-weight-control woman is actually a vision: all the perfect curves, not a shred associated with fat, along with simply no traces involving cellulite.
2. Preserve moving. no quantity associated with dieting will find your self getting rid associated with cellulite if you do not exercise. Simply by breaking a new sweat are anyone able to make your muscles firm and also toned, along with consequently make the cellulite less visible.
Cellulite is actually absolutely nothing a lot a lot more than excess fat cells which have grown to this extent they have got pushed through the connective tissues in the skin, thus giving it that will infamous dimpled "cottage cheese" or perhaps "orange peel" look. Such As any kind of excess fat, this is due to too many donuts, French fries, hotdogs, quarter pound burgers, soft drinks, sugary sweets, a new highly-sedentary lifestyle, along with stress. As Well As because this seems being just how regarding existence these days, it isn't any surprise that more and more females are going through self-esteem problems thanks in order to cellulite.
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6 Most Effective Yoga Pose For A Flat Stomach
Yoga will be among the actual greatest technique to aid keep physical fitness on track. Yoga is the very best approach to enhance mobility, boost control as well as give tension to your body. There are asanas which give strength and build abdomen muscles. Yoga pose for a flat stomach may be carried out by simply anyone, when and also anywhere. The Actual principal purpose of flat abdomen yoga is actually shape the body as best while you can. In case you want to get six pack abs fast, don't select difficult hitting workout routines completely. Don't conquer excited to select much more poses compared to your entire body capacity. Help To Make certain that the cold out your physique in order to steer clear of injury.
Here are the most efficient 6 yoga pose that may help one to acquire a flat stomach:
1. Pavanamuktasana(Pavan-Muktasan)
Start using lying on your back straight on a yoga mat or even towel in order to steer clear of spine injuries. Throughout the particular beginning, perform this exercise making use of 1 leg with a time. Kneel down to the extent to ensure that your thighs touch the abdomen. Hug the knees, making use of 1 hand to carry the particular other. Raise the head so that your own nose touches your knees, breathe deeply and also hold this regarding thirty seconds. release your own legs and are usually available back to the original place gradually.
2. Bhujangasana
Start together with lying around the ground and roll onto your stomach. Ensure that the hands are kept below respective shoulder as if to do a new push up. Raise your upper torso from the ground with just about all the assistance of your own again muscles to produce head upright. Attempt to take aid of back muscles simply to do every one associated with the function without needing your current hands. the principal feature of this pose is the use of one's again muscles, to give power along with tone your abdomen muscles.
3. Dhanurasana (The Bow Posture)
This is a complicated pose. The Particular abdomen exercise resembles Bhujangasan asana, but is significantly more difficult. Start together with lying flat on your own stomach - nevertheless ensure for you to curl your legs upwards simultaneously lifting your upper body. The Particular pose must end up forming a new circle where the soles regarding your feet occur towards the rear of your head. try to seize your own ankles, pull together together with your hands, push using your legs for the extent that the stomach touches the particular floor. hold this for no less than thirty a few moments before releasing then come back to the original position.
4. Paad-Pashchimottanasan
This can be certainly one of your complicated poses. Initial lye down on your back, keep your legs straight and obtain relaxed, keep your arms stretched over the head. make certain that your own palms encounter the ceiling. Sit straight with all the assistance of abdomen muscles only, guaranteeing back again straight as well as hands overhead. take care to assist keep fixed legs towards the flooring throughout. Lean forward to give head in the place in involving the arms along with seize your current toes along with both hands. Maintain for 2 minutes just before releasing along with slowly keep coming back towards the original place using the help of abdomen muscles in order to lower yourself towards the floor.
5. Marjariasana (The Cat Pose)
This is actually a rather typical yoga pose thats extremely simple to perform. In Order To start off, go on most fours so that the torso and shins tend to be parallel towards the floor. Inhale. As an individual exhale, you must pull in your abs, tailbone, along with butt. try pushing recorded on both hands to produce it a lot more steady and also intense. Also, arch your current back so that the midst of your current spine is pointing upward.By doing this yoga pertaining to flat stomach pose, youre toning different muscle teams (especially those abs), strengthening ligaments and also joints, increasing mobility and blood circulation, as well as building lean arms in the same time.
6. Supta Udarakarshanasana (The Lying Abdominal Twist Pose)
It sounds complex, I know, but give it a go anyway. This kind of pose is actually truly really simple to do. First, lie on your own back, rest your current arms on both sides together with both palms faced down. While an individual breathe in, a person must bend your current right knee along with rest the sole of your left foot against your current correct thigh. As a person exhale, twist your own right leg toward the direction of one's left hip, pull it closer to the ground along together with your left hand, and then twist your mind towards the right. Breathe in and out at a standard pace whilst holding that will position. Repeat this several occasions along with do the identical with most the other leg.
Combination involving stability diet plan and an active lifestyle type using these flat abs yoga poses will assist you to to have any sexy flat abs.
7 Habits That Cause Belly Fat
So, you have got yourself an absolutely gorgeous bikini to wear for a pool party two weeks from now. Nevertheless, there is a bit of a trouble - there is no way of hiding your bulging belly fat in that skimpy swimsuit. Not certain the way to trim down in order to do a bit of justice to that magnificent bikini waiting in your cabinet? Take a look at these seven habits that can cause belly fat - and be sure to do the opposite, so you could shape up and lose those unsightly bulges as fast as possible!
1. Drinking Carbonated Beverages Regularly
Can not last without gulping down two of pop or a can? If this is you, then you're definitely not being kind to your body. Based on research workers, consuming one or two cans of soda daily causes your waistline to raise at least five times quicker than those who barely drink soda in the span of a week. The idea behind this is the fact that the high quantity of sugar used in pops trigger your craving for food, so you wind up eating more than you should during mealtimes. Diet sodas aren't any worse than regular varieties since these contain artificial sweeteners, which can increase your desire as much as sugar does. So if you've got that serious craving for a satisfying beverage, go for fresh fruit juices, healthy smoothies, or a glass of water with lemon zest and mint leaves. You're doing your body and general health a favor by picking a more nutritious beverage that's also low in sugar content. Why bother drinking your thirst , right? since soda only causes you to add pounds without quenching it
2. Using a bigger Plate Each Time You Eat
You use at mealtime, whether it's pay attention to the size of plate, a buffet dinner or simply a regular meal at home. In a survey conducted among overweight individuals, it was discovered that these people prefer bigger plates over medium or smaller -sized ones. With a big plate size, they have more space for their food. So, how can this custom cause belly fat? Straightforward. You often have more than your body demands, and that results in more fat stored in your body when you've got a bigger space to pile up your food. To avoid this awful chain reaction, make it a point to use smaller plates and resist the impulse to eat when you've already had enough, or go back for seconds.
3. Dining Late at Night
While it's true that some flab burns as you sleep, it may not be able to economically do so when you go to bed on a full stomach. Aside from reclining on a full stomach, eating and causing belly fat increases your risk of developing indigestion and acid reflux, since gravity is not any longer able to pull everything in your tummy straight down. If possible, just bite on fruits in the event you feel a bit hungry at night instead of raiding the refrigerator for sweet desserts to fulfill your craving.
Four Tips on Weight You Can Use Immediately
You can lose weight by eating in the appropriate way and follow a great diet which gets you to eat more of eating more commonly with the proper proportion of food in the form. You here are some tips that can help you to achieve this and can in fact lose weight by eating:
1) Eat More.
GOOD NEWS PEOPLE!! Yup, you can eat more and shed weight. Well what I mean is you should eat more commonly. Separate your time that is eating like around 5 to 6 meals into more meals a day. It doesn't take too much time because you merely need to prepare little piece of food for every meal to prepare your meals and is not hard.
2) Do Not Skip Your Meals
Some of you believe that if I skip some meals I can reduce my calories intake , which can help me to lose a couple of pounds. It does help you to lose a couple of pounds but in the beginning simply. Calories are not saved by skipping meals really. Your stomach will keep rumbling every hour and your body will feel hunger pains and it'll probably take on more calories on the next meal.
3) Make your Meals more Filling
You can lose weight by eating meals which contain sources of fat and protein. Add a source of quality protein and a source of healthy fats (fats yup,) in each meal. This way, you'll have a satiating meals and this can keep you from becoming hungry readily. Sources of quality protein include fish, all-natural poultry and natural meats, all-natural whole eggs. Sources of healthy fat include avocados, fish, beans, raw nuts, coconut oil and olive oil.
4) Drink water
Well, drinking water is considered one of the finest options for health problems. Drinking.
I expect these suggestions are helpful to you. Remember, you can slim down by eating the right food in the appropriate way.
Tired of diets and other confusing infos about weight reduction. Quit the confusion.
Blood sugar levels closely linked to how our brains respond to the sight of food, twin study finds
Our brain's response to the sight of food appears to be driven more by how low our blood sugar level is at the moment than our upbringing or genetics, researchers said at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior. "The finding suggest our brains have a way to override our genetic inheritance, upbringing and habits to respond to our immediate nutritional needs," said Dr. Ellen Schur, associate professor of medicine at the University of Washington.
In the study, Schur and UW Medicine colleagues at Harborview Medical Center, used brain scans to compare how appetite centers in the brains of identical twins responded to images of high- and low-calorie foods. The scans, called functional magnetic resonance imagers (fMRI), detect differences in the activity in different brain centers by measuring changes in blood flow
Studies of identical twins have shown that genetics and upbringing play a major role in a person's body weight regulation. In this study, the researchers wanted to determine what role inherited similarities in brain function had on appetite. In the study, the researchers hypothesized that because identical twins have nearly identical genetic inheritance their brain appetite centers would react similarly when the twins were shown the images of high- and low-calorie foods. To test their hypothesis, the researchers enrolled 21 pairs of identical (monozygotic) twins who had been raised together. The twins were first fed a standardized breakfast, and 3.5 hours later they underwent a baseline fMRI brain scan.
After the first scan, they were fed a filling meal of macaroni and cheese, calibrated to satiate their appetites. The twins then had a second fMRI during which they were shown photographs of non-fattening foods, such as fruits and vegetables, and fattening foods, such as pizza and french fries.
Changes in blood flow measured by the fMRI were used to assess how the activity of key appetite-regulating centers in their brains changed in response to the images. Afterwards, the twins were offered to eat what they would like from a buffet. How much they ate from the buffet was recorded.
At regular intervals during the experiment the twins were asked to rate their feelings of hunger, fullness and satisfaction, using a standardized scale, and blood samples were taken to measure blood glucose levels and levels of regulatory hormones, such as insulin, leptin and ghrelin.
The researchers found the twin pairs gave similar responses when asked to rate their appetite before and after meals, had similar hormonal responses, and even ate similar amounts from the buffet -- findings that suggest these responses were influenced by their shared upbringing and genetics. That did not seem to be the case with brain activation in response to the food images, however, when response tended to be greater in the twin with lower blood glucose levels.
The findings suggest that while genetics and upbringing play a big role in how much we weigh and how much we normally eat, our immediate response to food in the environment is driven by our bodies need for nutrition at the time, Schur said. "Just looking at pictures of high-calorie foods when we are hungry strongly engages parts of the brain that motivate us to eat." The study's findings might help explain why eating regular meals helps people keep their weight under control, she said.
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The above story is based on materials provided by Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/mind_brain/diet_and_weight_loss/~3/ro1_c-KJN8E/140729224904.htm
